If anyone wishes to take a position their money in shares then they need to gain complete knowledge about the stock exchange before initiating any investment. Otherwise, there are huge chances that you simply might suffer unbearable losses. during this article, we discuss all the possible difference between preferred stock and equity shares.
The Definition Equity shares and preferred stock are quite similar, yet different within the way they function and provide you with returns. once you own equity shares of a corporation , the dividends are subject to how the corporate is performing. And sometimes , you would possibly not even receive any dividends.
This is one major difference between equity shares and preferred stock . With preferred stock , the corporate is sure to pay you dividends, since the quantity is fixed but not with equity shares.
Preference Shares Preferred Stocks also referred to as preferred stock are those shares which are given preference as regards to payment of dividend and repayment of capital. The term “preferred share” refers to the very fact that its holders receive preferential treatment over common stockholders within the event of liquidation and when dividends are paid but don’t enjoy normal voting rights. Therefore, preference in terms of dividend they need been named as preferred stock . also as, within the case of completing of the corporate or when the corporate went bankrupt, then payment of liabilities (like banks) are done first, then those with preferred stock & lastly equity shares. There are several points which create Difference between preferred stock and Equity shares. Therefore, the preferred stock get precedence over equity shares on all the matters.
Equity Shares When you hear the word shares, people nearly always ask equity shares or common stock . With equity shares, a corporation offers you partial ownership and thus, involves tons of business risk. The members, who own equity shares, also acquire the proper to vote for critical decisions within the company. These decisions may include electing a replacement leader, acquisition, merger, etc. and that they play an important role in raising capital for the corporate . Equity capital forms the essential foundation of the corporate and its creditworthiness.
The dividends or payouts to equity shareholders predominantly depend upon the earnings of the corporate . Once the corporate has settled all other claims and expenses, it’ll pay its equity shareholders.
What Is The Difference Between Equity Share And Preference Share? Both represent ownership capital and entitles you to possess a claim on the company’s profit within the sort of a dividend, announced by the company . When profit share is announced, preference shareholders have the primary claim. They receive their bonus at a hard and fast rate but don’t enjoy voting rights within the majority of companies like equity shareholders do.
When we mention investing in stocks, we usually ask equity shares, which also are called general shares. With this, a corporation offers you partial ownership within the company and thus , it involves high risk. Profit on equity shares depends on the company’s performance. And so, your dividend percentage also will fluctuate, which suggests you would possibly not receive any dividend sometimes . But with preferred stock , the corporate is sure to pay the dividend.
Secondly, risks of an equity shareholder are an equivalent as what the corporate experience. As compared to them, risk exposure of preference shareholders is nominal. So, they even have a preferential claim on receiving their capital back before the corporate settles its general shareholders.
Every assessee, who earns income beyond the essential exemption limit during a fiscal year (FY), must file a press release containing details of his income, deductions, and other related information. this is often called the tax Return (ITR). Once you as a taxpayer file the income returns, the tax Department will process it. There are occasions where, supported set parameters by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), the return of an assessee gets picked for an assessment.
The various sorts of assessment are as follows:
Self-Assessment This type of assessment is mentioned in section 140A of tax Act,1961. In this, the assessee himself determines the tax payable. The tax department has made available various forms for filing tax return. The assessee consolidates his income from various sources and adjusts an equivalent against losses or deductions or various exemptions if any, available to him during the year. the entire income of the assessee is then received . The assessee reduces the TDS and Advance Tax from that quantity to work out the tax payable on such income. Tax, if still payable by him, is named self-assessment tax and must be paid by him before he files his return of income. This process is understood as Self-Assessment.
Summary Assessment It is a kind of assessment administered with none human intervention. during this sort of assessment, the knowledge submitted by the assessee in his return of income is cross-checked against the knowledge that the tax department has access to. within the process, the reasonableness and correctness of the return are verified by the department. The return gets processed online, and adjustment for arithmetical errors, incorrect claims, and disallowances are automatically done. Example, credit for TDS claimed by the taxpayer is found to be above what’s available against his PAN as per department records. Making an adjustment during this regard can increase the liabilities of the taxpayer.
After making the aforementioned adjustments, if the assessee is required to pay tax, he are going to be sent an intimation under Section 143(1). The assessee must answer this intimation accordingly.
Regular/Scrutiny Assessment This type of assessment is mentioned in section 143(3) of tax Act,1961. The tax department authorizes the Assessing Officer or tax authority, not below the rank of an tax officer, to conduct this assessment. the aim is to make sure that the assessee has neither understated his income or overstated any expense or loss or underpaid any tax.
The CBDT has set certain parameters supported which a taxpayer’s case gets picked for a scrutiny assessment. 1. If an assessee is subject to a scrutiny assessment, the Department will send a notice well beforehand . However, such notice can’t be served after the expiry of 6 months from the top of the fiscal year , during which return is filed. 2.The assessee are going to be asked to supply the books of accounts, and other evidence to validate the income he has stated in his return. After verifying all the small print available, the assessing officer passes an order either confirming the return of income filed or makes additions. This raises an tax demand, which the assessee must answer accordingly. An tax notice under Section 143(2) is issued if the tax officer wasn’t satisfied with the documents and knowledge that was submitted by the taxpayer. Taxpayers who receive notice under Section 142(2) are selected for an in depth scrutiny by the tax department and can need to submit additional information.
Best Judgement Assessment This assessment mentioned in section 144 of tax Act,1961 gets invoked within the following scenarios: 1. If the assessee fails to reply to a notice issued by the department instructs him to supply certain information or books of accounts 2. If he/she fails to suits a Special Audit ordered by the tax authorities 3. The assessee fails to file the return within maturity or such extended deadline as allowed by the CBDT 4. The assessee fails to suits the terms as contained within the notice issued under Summary Assessment
After providing a chance to listen to the assessee’s argument, the assessing officer passes an order supported all the relevant materials and evidence available to him. this is often referred to as Best Judgement Assessment. The notice sent during this sort of assessment is Show Cause Notice, under section 144 only.
Income Escaping Assessment This type of assessment is mentioned in section 147 of tax Act,1961. When the assessing officer has sufficient reasons to believe that any taxable income has escaped assessment, he has the authority to assess or reassess the assessee’s income. Some scenarios where reassessment gets triggered are given below. 1. The assessee has taxable income but has not yet filed his return. 2. The assessee, after filing the tax return, is found to possess either understated his income or claimed excess allowances or deductions. 3. The assessee has did not furnish reports on international transactions, where he’s required to try to to so.
Trade License – this is often a license that's issued by the Municipal Corporation which provides permission to hold out a specific trade a specific address.
Shop Establishment License – Shops & establishment registration is mandatory for all business entities. It not only includes shops and commercial establishments but also, work from home jobs. Once you register your shop or establishment you'll get a store and establishment certificate.
Read through a couple of points that highlight the difference between Trade license and Shop and establishment licence1. The commencement of any business that falls under the shops and establishment Act will got to get the business registered with the government and trade licence may be a permission given to an individual to hold out a specific trade. 2. Shops and Establishment licence are often obtained for a store or establishment even in residential premises. A trade licence are often obtained just for commercial premises. 3. Trade license is formed mandatory to form sure that unethical business practices aren't administered . A trade licence also ensures that each one rules and safety guidelines issued by the govt are being followed. Shop and Establishment is required by the tiny trader and shop owner who is doing any business activity . 4. Establishments like hotels, restaurants, food stalls, cyber cafes etc require a trade license. Shops and establishment licence is required by any commercial establishment or shop that's providing any quite service. 5. The fee for obtaining a Shops and establishment license and trade license may vary from state.
Conclusion The shop act license and trade license has got to be obtained within 30 days of commencement of the business. If the conditions of the licenses are violated, then the license are going to be revoked or cancelled. The Shops and Establishment Act governs the working conditions and therefore the rights of workers including wage payments, leaves, work hours etc.
In India, a person or an entity proposing to start with a food business must obtain a food license or a registration from the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI). Approximately 90% of food products have a prescribed specification by FSSAI. Only the ocean products and therefore the production involving fishermen and farmers are out of the scope of FSSAI. It generally takes two months to get the FSSAI License and approximately six months for the launch of product approval within the market.
IMPORTANCE: 1. Consumer confidence is that the primary and therefore the largest asset for gaining the purpose for the food authorities. A product’s packaging speaks volumes about the merchandise quality and during a way informs the consumers about the food safety standards.
2. the first focus may be a public health
TYPES OF LICENSES: 1. BASIC REGISTRATION 2. STATE LICENSE 3. CENTRAL LICENSE
For Basic FSSAI Registration: The petty and small-sized food business operators like manufacturers, transporters, storage units, distributer, marketers, retailers, etc. are required to accumulate a Basic FSSAI Registration which is issued by the government for a minimum period of 1 year and a maximum of 5 years. it’s mostly for the units having an annual turnover of but 12 lakh. the remainder depends on the eligibility, the FBO can thus fall into either the State FSSAI License or the essential Registration.
Documents required for Basic FSSAI — Food License:
Photo of Food Business Operator
Document for Identity Proof like card , Voter ID Card, PAN Card, driver’s license , Passport, Aadhar Card, oldster Card, Department Issued ID
Supporting Documents (if any):- NOC by Municipality/Panchayat, Health NOC
Registration Procedure 1. FSSAI registration is initiated by submitting Form A (application) to food and safety department. 2. This application are often accepted or it’s going to be rejected by the Department within 7 days from the appliance date and therefore the fact has got to be intimated to the applicant in writing 3. If the appliance is accepted, then the department will grant a registration certificate with the license number and therefore the photo of the applicant. 4. FBO should prominently display the certificate of registration at the place of business during the business hours.
FEES STRUCTURE: 1. new registration certificate — 100/year 2. renewal of registration certificate — 100/year 3. duplicate of registration certificate — 10% of the applicable certificate fee
Suspension and Cancellation of Food License Under the below-mentioned circumstances, the food license can either be cancelled or suspended:
gastrointestinal disorder outbreaks that are related to the spread of the disease.
Serious food complaints in cases where the consumer’s safety is affected.
Food Business Operator’s non-compliant premises.
Serious violations of the FSSAI rules and compliances.
A violation just in case there’s a history of non-compliance of FSSAI safety rules and requirements.
Non- compliance with an improvement or other legal notice without reasonable excuse.
Interrupting a politician.
For State FSSAI License The authority has guided the food business operators, having an annual turnover of quite 12 lakh, like small to medium-sized manufacturers, storage units, transporters, marketers, retailers, distributors, etc to get the State FSSAI License. it’s issued by the respective government having a minimum validity of 1 year and a maximum of 5 yrs.
Eligibility for State FSSAI License The State FSSAI License are often taken by the subsequent food business operators: 1. Meat Processing Units 2. Proprietary Foods 3. Slaughtering Units 4. Restaurants 5. Hotels 6. Food Processing Units including retailers and repackers 7. Dairy Units, including Milk Chilling Units that are equipped to handle and process. 8. oil Processing Units and therefore the Units that produce oil through the method of solvent extraction and refineries, including Oil Expeller Unit.
Documents for FSSAI State License The required documents for obtaining State FSSAI license are as follows:
Form-B duly completed and signed by the Proprietor.
Blueprint or layout of the world location.
Proof of possession of premises.
Partnership affidavit of Proprietorship.
Contact details of the administrators .
List and details of the kinds of kit and machinery.
Proprietor’s photo ID and Address Proof issued by the govt of India. just in case of a corporation , the administrators photo ID and address proof.
List of food category that has got to be manufactured.
Authority letter with name and address of the responsible person.
NOC and replica of License from the manufacturer.
Food Safety Management System Plan or Certificate.
Registration Procedure Procedure for State License Application 1. Before applying for a State FSSAI License it’s important to see the eligibility criteria as mentioned by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. 2. After successfully checking the eligibility criteria subsequent step is to furnish the appliance form for obtaining the State FSSAI License. Every data provided to the department must be correct and appropriate. 3. Remember that the generic names must be mentioned for the products and not the brand names. 4. All the products as mentioned within the license must be approved as per the FSS Act, 2006. 5. At last, you’ll be asked for a way a few years you would like to use . you’ve got to settle on the acceptable period of your time that you would like to require the license. 6. Post-filing the shape , the prescribed fees need to pay either through a web portal or by submitting the demand draft at the FSSAI state office.
For Central FSSAI License Food business operators who have a turnover greater than 20 crores like large manufacturers, 100% export oriented units, importers, operators within the Central Government agencies, airports, seaports, etc are enforced to get a Central Food License issued by the Central Government. Also, the FBO’s are directed to get the Central License for his or her head office and if they operate in additional than one state. The minimum tenure of this license is one year and therefore the maximum is 5 years.
Eligibility for Central FSSAI License The Central FSSAI License are often taken by the subsequent food business operators: 1. Dairy Units, including Milk Chilling Units that are equipped to handle and process. 2. Slaughtering Units 3. Proprietary Foods 4. Food Processing Units that include retailers and repackers. 5. oil Processing Units and therefore the Units that produce oil through the method of solvent extraction and refineries, including Oil Expeller Unit.
Documents Required for FSSAI Central License The required documents for obtaining Central FSSAI license are as follows:
Form-B duly completed and signed by the proprietor or owner.
Blueprint or layout of the world location.
Contact details of the administrators .
List and details of the kinds of kit and machinery.
Proprietor’s photo ID and address proof issued by the govt of India. within the case of a corporation , the administrators photo ID and address proof.
Analysis of water report from a recognized/public health laboratory.
Proof of possession of premises.
Pesticide residues report of water just in case of units manufacturing mineral or soda water from recognized/public health.
NOC and replica of the license from the manufacturer.
Food Safety Management System plan or certificate.
NOC/PA issued by FSSAI
IE Code issued by DGFT for importers.
FSSAI Declaration Form.
Source of milk, if applicable.
Supporting proof of turnover, if applicable.
Source of meat and meat processing units, if applicable.
NOC from the municipality and native body, if applicable.
MCA Incorporation Certificate, if applicable.
Certificate provided by Ministry of Tourism, if applicable.
Supporting proof of turnover for vehicles, if applicable.
Procedure for Central License Application 1. If consistent with the eligibility criteria, one is directed to urge a Central FSSAI License then they need to fill out the appliance form consistent with the rules as prescribed by FSSAI. It must be taken care that each data provided must be correct, appropriate and authentic. 2. Remeber that the generic names must be mentioned for the products and not the brand names. 3. All the products as mentioned within the license must be approved as per the FSS Act, 2006. 4. At last, you’ll be asked for a way a few years you would like to use . you’ve got to settle on the acceptable period of your time that you would like to require the license. 5. Post-filing the shape , the prescribed fees need to pay either through a web portal or by submitting the demand draft at the FSSAI state office.
MAT is an indirect tax levied under the Income Tax Act of India, 1961. As per section 115JB, every foreign and domestic company is required to pay MAT, a rule set up to prevent highly profitable businesses from dodging their tax liabilities.
A large number of companies in India try to evade taxes. For instance, many “zero tax companies” generate substantial revenues but end up paying a nil tax by applying deductions, exemptions and other kinds of loopholes in the system. So, MAT was created so that no company is able to completely evade their tax liability.
MAT Applicability
Minimum Alternate Tax is only applicable to companies and not to individuals, HUFs, partnership firms, LLPs, societies, etc. Rules pertaining to Sec 115JA is applicable on the foreign companies that generate profits through their running business activities in India.
How to calculate the MAT?
Minimum Alternate Tax is equal to 18.5% (15% from AY 2020-21) of Book profits (Plus Surcharge and cess as applicable). Book profit means the net profit as shown in the profit & loss account for the year as addition and deletion by the following items:
Book Profit
The manner of computation of Book Profit is explained under section 115JB of the Act which specifies additions and deductions of specified items from the net profit of the company computed in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. Here is a list of the items which are allowed to be added and deducted from the net profit of the company:
Additions:
a) Income Tax paid or payable (including provision) thereof;
b) Amounts transferred to any reserve;
c) Provisions made for meeting liabilities (other than ascertained liabilities);
d) Provision for losses of subsidiary companies;
e) Dividend paid or proposed;
f) Expenditure relating to incomes exempt under section 10 other than section 10(38);
g) Deferred tax;
h) Expenditure relating to income by way of royalty of patent taxable under section 115BBF
Deductions:
i) Amount withdrawn from reserves/provisions where such amount is credited to the profit and loss account; j) Income under section 10 other than section 10(38) where such amount is credited to statement of profit and loss; k) Brought forward loss or unabsorbed depreciation, whichever is less as per books of account; l) Profit of sick industrial company; m) Income as a share in the income of AOP/BOI; n) Income by way of royalty in respect of patent chargeable to tax under section 115BBF
MAT is an indirect tax levied under the Income Tax Act of India, 1961. As per section 115JB, every foreign and domestic company is required to pay MAT, a rule set up to prevent highly profitable businesses from dodging their tax liabilities.
A large number of companies in India try to evade taxes. For instance, many “zero tax companies” generate substantial revenues but end up paying a nil tax by applying deductions, exemptions and other kinds of loopholes in the system. So, MAT was created so that no company is able to completely evade their tax liability.
MAT Applicability
Minimum Alternate Tax is only applicable to companies and not to individuals, HUFs, partnership firms, LLPs, societies, etc. Rules pertaining to Sec 115JA is applicable on the foreign companies that generate profits through their running business activities in India.
How to calculate the MAT?
Minimum Alternate Tax is equal to 18.5% (15% from AY 2020–21) of Book profits (Plus Surcharge and cess as applicable). Book profit means the net profit as shown in the profit & loss account for the year as addition and deletion by the following items:
Book Profit
The manner of computation of Book Profit is explained under section 115JB of the Act which specifies additions and deductions of specified items from the net profit of the company computed in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. Here is a list of the items which are allowed to be added and deducted from the net profit of the company:
Additions:
a) Income Tax paid or payable (including provision) thereof;
b) Amounts transferred to any reserve;
c) Provisions made for meeting liabilities (other than ascertained liabilities);
d) Provision for losses of subsidiary companies;
e) Dividend paid or proposed;
f) Expenditure relating to incomes exempt under section 10 other than section 10(38);
g) Deferred tax;
h) Expenditure relating to income by way of royalty of patent taxable under section 115BBF
While total financial independence isn’t a simple goal to succeed in , most of the people wish to a minimum of to spend their lives without struggling for creating their ends meet. Financial planning could assist you in meeting your long-term goal, however, you would like to place the plan into effective action.
Here during this personal finance blog, we’ll discuss ten such money moves which could help your finances within the future . These aren’t just investment tips, but also steps which might assist you in optimizing the returns.
1. Inculcate a habit of saving and investing — you want to get inculcate a habit of saving and investing even just alittle amount of cash hebdomadally . It’s not only about the cash that you simply save; it’s more about the habit which you’re inculcating. for creating things easy, there are several apps which could assist you in saving and even investing small funds. Take the advantage of such apps and obtain into a habit of saving a minimum of 10 percent of your income.
2. Reduce your core expenses — regardless of whatever you are doing , attempt to reduce your fixed expenses. Reduction in your month on monthly expenses could assist you to realize your long-term commitments. Doing this effectively can assist you reach your financial freedom much easier and earlier.
3. Workable Household Budget — Developing and sticking to your spending plan is that the best thanks to meet your financial goals. you ought to make sure that your budget isn’t only realistic but also sufficient for your needs. Usually people slash the spending allowances much below the maintainable levels then they provide abreast of entire budget when this doesn’t work for them.
4. Track your Accounts, Bills, and Debts — Good credit score is a crucial facet of an individual’s financial fitness, even just in case you don’t take debts often. Your credit score could affect the insurance premiums and mortgage rate of interest . Low debt-to-credit ratio and timely payments are crucial factors for an honest credit rating. you’ll use personal finance apps for keeping track of your limits, due dates, and balances.
5. Emergency Fund — One thing got to “> you want to calculate is that you simply might need to buy an unforeseen expense. An emergency fund could help in defraying the impact of such unexpected expenses on your budget. you ought to attempt to keep aside a minimum of 6 months of living expenses, however, just in case it seems overwhelming, you’ll start with a lesser amount. Remember that your emergency fund is merely for emergencies; just in case necessary, attempt to make it difficult to access your emergency funds in order that you don’t get tempted to use it just in case of non-emergencies.
6. life assurance Policy — just in case you’ve got a spouse, kids or parents who are hooked in to your income, it’s vital to possess an policy with an appropriate cover. The last item that your dependents would wish is to stress about how they might set about paying the bills while they’re handling your loss.
7. Contingency healthcare plan — Most of the people don’t wish to believe this, however, at some point, you’ll find it unable to form their own healthcare decisions. it’s advisable to deal with this contingency long before such a situation actually occurs.
8. Debt-Free Lifestyle — once you are starting out initially, a number of the debts are inevitable. Educational loans and mortgages are a necessity, and most of the households carry debt which comes from credit cards. As and once you have funded the retirement plans and therefore the emergency fund, work on your debts and pay off your loan and therefore the mastercard bills before the schedule.
9. PPF and EPF investment options — they supply better returns than most of the opposite debt investments. Banks and other financial institutions have reduced the deposits rates drastically after the large inflow of funds post demonetization. Public Provident Fund and Employees’ Provident Fund still provide attractive rates.
10. Advice from experts — The last tip to the readers is to hunt advice from the professional financial planners. Some might ask why you ought to pay INR 10,000–20,000 once a year for his or her financial advice. Advice from expert financial planners would cost you some bucks but would really be fruitful within the long-term.
